A) DIRECT SPEECH:
words actually spoken; quotation marks. B) REPORTED SPEECH: we only give the
meaning of what was said; no quotation marks.
C)
TELL or SAY?
TELL + IO + DO
SAY
+ DO / SAY + TO + IO+ DO
TELL always
has an indirect object, except in some expressions like tell the time,
tell the truth ...
Changes
in Reported Speech
A) Changes of PERSON,
TIME and PLACE depend on changes in the situation. The most important changes
are:
Pronouns
I
/ we...................................
he, she
/ they
Time
tomorrow
............................
the next / following
day
yesterday ...........................
the
day before
now ....................................
then
today
/ tonight .....................
that day / night
this
morning ........................
that morning
on
/ next Tuesday ...............
the following Tuesday
last
Tuesday .......................
the previous Tuesday
the
day after tomorrow..........
in two days time
ago......................................
before
Place
here
....................................
there
Demonstratives
this
/ that ............................
the
B)
TENSE CHANGE: Tense change depends on whether the introductory verb is present
or past.
-
If the introductory verb is present, there is no tense change.
-
If the introductory verb is past, there is often a tense change. If the statement
is up to date when we report it, we can leave the same tense or change it. We
change the tense if we think the statement may be untrue. In news reports, the
tense usually changes.
Direct
Speech
Reported
Speech
Direct
Speech
Reported
Speech
Simple Present .........
Simple
Past
WILL ......................
WOULD
Present
Continuous ..
Past Continuous
CAN
.......................
COULD
Simple
Past .............
Past Perf/S. Past*
MAY
......................
MIGHT
Past
Continuous ......
Past Perf/Past Cont.*
MUST
....................
HAD TO
Present
Perfect ........
Past Perfect
WOULD
NO
CHANGE
Past Perfect ............
Past
Perfect
COULD
MIGHT
SHOULD
OUGHT
TO
Reported
statements
A)
Reporting verbs: SAY, TELL, ANNOUNCE, EXCLAIM,...
B)
Introduced by THAT (it can be omitted)
C) Pronoun,
verb and adverb change
Reported questions
A)
Reporting verbs: ASK, WONDER, WANT TO KNOW
B) WH-QUESTIONS:
introduced by an INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN (it cannot be omitted)
C)
YES/NO QUESIONS: introduced by IF or WHETHER (they cannot be omitted)
D)
Pronoun, verb and adverb change.Word order changes
E)
EMBEDDED QUESTIONS: Could you tell me ...? Do you know ...?
